Second International Symposium on Online Child Exploitation
May 7, 2007, University of Toronto
Signy Arnason (Cybertip.ca) is the Director of Cybertip.ca, Canada ’s national tipline for protecting children from online sexual exploitation. Ms. Arnason joined the organization in 2001, assuming a leadership role in the research, development and implementation of the Cybertip.ca, the operation of the pilot project, and its roll out as a national service. Specifically, Ms. Arnason has played a key role in the development of the information technology that supports the service, the infrastructure for the operations and the design of its data collection system. Prior to joining Cybertip.ca, Ms. Arnason served on the executive management team of a number of private sector companies in the areas of information technology, human resource management and labour relations. Ms. Arnason has presented at the local, provincial and national level on the issue of child exploitation.
Jane Bailey (U of Ottawa, Law) is an assistant professor of law at the University of Ottawa Faculty of Law, Common Law Section. Her teaching interests include regulation of internet communications and cyberfeminism. Jane completed her LL.M. at the University of Toronto in 2002, supported by a Centre for Innovation Law and Policy scholarship. Before returning to legal studies, she practised civil litigation at Torys LLP in Toronto , where she acted as co-counsel on the first Canadian hate speech case before a Canadian Human Rights Tribunal. She also served as a law clerk to the Honourable Mr. Justice John Sopinka of the Supreme Court of Canada. Her written work focuses on technology's impacts on equality and free expression, including existing and forthcoming publications on the topics of internet hate speech, women's e-quality and the equality impacts of technology in the legal workplace. Her ongoing research focuses on the impact of evolving technology and inter-jurisdictional pressures relating to online hate, pornography and copyright on Canada's commitments to equality, freedom of expression, privacy and multiculturalism, as well as the societal and cultural impact of the Internet and emerging forms of private technological control, particularly in relation to members of socially disadvantaged communities.
Privacy, Identity & Equality: The Case of Child Pornography
When privacy is discussed in Canadian case law relating to child pornography, hate propaganda and obscenity, the predominant account is a negative, individualistic one. Legal analyses in all three contexts stress the importance of minimizing state intrusion in private spheres of expression and the protection of the development and flourishing of those individuals accused or convicted of related offences. However, the case law relating to child pornography diverges from that involving hate propaganda and obscenity in one material way; it explicitly recognizes both the privacy rights of accused persons and those of child pornography’s direct targets – the children used and abused in its production. Even still, the individualistic account of privacy predominates. I will discuss some examples of privacy analyses within the Canadian case law on child pornography and suggest that the individualistic privacy paradigm adopted therein reflects only one account of privacy. Complete reliance on this particular account may mask more systemic issues relating to child pornography and its relationship with the collective privacy, identity and equality interests of children and youths in our communities.
David Butt (KINSA, ECPAT) is a trial and appellate lawyer with a wide ranging practice, and a leading expert and advocate in the fight against internet child exploitation. He was the first Canadian prosecutor to specialize in internet child abuse cases, and has since advised, consulted with, and taught prosecutors and police officers across the country. Building on his prosecutorial experience, Mr. Butt remains deeply involved in the fight against internet child exploitation. He has consulted throughout Europe, North America, South America and Asia. He donates many pro bono hours and countless media appearances to the issue. He sits on the Board of the Kids Internet Safety Alliance (KINSA) and is the Secretary of Bangkok based ECPAT International, the world’s largest NGO devoted exclusively to the fight against commercial sexual exploitation of children.
The Fight against Internet Child Abuse: Modelling Progress
The fight against internet child abuse takes many forms, and unfolds in many different forums. Each has its own complexities and challenges, that can be absorbing and fascinating for the subject matter experts involved in each. However progress cannot be fully understood or evaluated as simply a function of disconnected efforts, however well meaning and internally accomplished they may be. Sometimes it is necessary to take a critical bird’s eye view of the entire landscape of responses to internet child abuse, to better understand the interrelationships of various responses, and better understand how those interrelationships can define and augment progress.
Corman Callanan (International Association of Internet Hotline Providers (INHOPE) – is CEO and past-president of INHOPE - the association of Internet Hotline Providers (www.inhope.org). The mission of Inhope is to facilitate and co-ordinate the work of Internet hotlines responding to illegal use and content on the Internet. Inhope has 20 member hotlines in 18 countries around the world. He was founding Chairman of the Internet Service Provider Association of Ireland (www.ispai.ie) and Secretary General of the European Service Provider Association (www.euroispa.org) until February 2003. He was founding Director of the Irish www.hotline.ie service responding to reports about illegal child pornography and hate speech on the Internet. In addition to representing INHOPE, he has represented the Irish and European Internet Service Provider's at Irish government and at EU level. Following work on international assignment in the USA and Japan , he established the first commercial Internet Services Provider business in Ireland in 1991 - EUnet Ireland - which was sold in 1996. He has presented seminars throughout Western, Central & Eastern Europe, the Middle East and Asia and has lectured on a wide range of technology issues for many years.
Paul Gillespie (Retired, Toronto Police Services) A former Toronto Police Services Detective Sergeant, Paul Gillespie established himself as an expert investigator during his 27 year career, particularly when it comes to criminals who abuse and exploit children. Paul spent his last 5 ½ years building and leading the Child Exploitation Section of the Toronto Police Service to become world leaders in this area. In 2003, Paul sent an email to Bill Gates, the founder and Chairman of Microsoft, to solicit his support in stopping the exploitation of children on the internet. Gates responded to Paul’s passion and together, Paul and Microsoft collaborated to create CETS – the Child Exploitation Tracking System – which is now widely regarded as the most advanced investigative tool available to worldwide law enforcement. CETS is now being used by 30 different agencies in Canada and is being developed and deployed in countries all over the world, including the U.K., Indonesia, the U.S.A., Italy, Brazil, Spain and Chile. Paul retired from the Toronto Police Service in June of 2006 and continues to deploy CETS around the world and also to work with Kids Internet Safety Alliance, www.kinsa.net, a not for profit foundation.
Eric Heinze (Queen Mary, University of London, Law) is Reader in Law in the University of London, Queen Mary. He received his JD from Harvard Law School and his PhD from the University of Leiden (Netherlands), in addition to undergraduate and post-graduate study in the Universities of Paris (Licence, Maîtrise) and Berlin. His books include The Logic of Constitutional Rights (2005); The Logic of Liberal Rights (2003); The Logic of Equality (2003) and Sexual Orientation: A Human Right (Kluwer 1995) (Russian translation 2004), as well as an edited collection entitled Of Innocence and Autonomy: Children, Sex and Human Rights (Ashgate 2000) , and recent articles in the Modern Law Review, Ratio Juris, The Michigan Journal of International Law, and other major law journals. He has held major fellowships from the Fulbright foundation, the French Government, and the German Academic Exchange Service. He has taught courses on Jurisprudence & Legal Theory, Constitutional Law, International Human Rights Law and Public International Law. His prior professional experience includes work for the International Commission of Jurists in Geneva and the United Nations Administrative Tribunal, and is a member of the Bars of New York and Massachusetts.
Child Protection: An Absolute Value?
Not all conferences about human rights can make the same assumptions. For some topics, questions about the core aims to be achieved may be highly controversial. A conference about, say, hate speech, abortion, or combating terrorism, may leave utterly unresolved basic questions about who has rights to what. Such topics might be said to lie at the most controversial end of the human rights spectrum. They raise well-known questions about the universality of human rights: if human rights are in some sense obvious, then how is it that weighty arguments inform both (or several) sides of those controversies?
The injunction to protect children appears to lie at the other end of the spectrum, as a moral absolute, perhaps figuring with the kinds of values that would condemn, e.g., torture or arbitrary deprivation of life. Values of that order would seem to provide the most reliable claims in favor of universality. As to torture or life, surely fortuitous infliction of pain is unconscionable on any account? By analogy, as to children, surely no one favors child abuse. So any real controversy about protecting children—in this case, from internet exploitation—is likely to be about specific means rather than overall ends or core values.
Yet there are any number of harms to children (even to vastly greater numbers of children) that, while admittedly acknowledged in international law and practice, do not seem to provoke the same level of raw horror—harms such as child homelessness, malnutrition, disease or illiteracy. Moreover, the deeper we delve into history and anthropology, the less obviously are claims to the universality of child-protection norms supported by the facts. Any number of practices in pre-modern or pre-colonial societies might be called “abusive” by our standards—which, of course, only begs the question as to the universality of our standards. Does our attitude towards children suggest that we really are universalists—“cultural imperialists”—after all, such that certain ways of treating children would be wrong everywhere, in all places and times, even if entirely acceptable by the dominant values of a particular culture?
Patricia Holland has worked as a film editor and television producer. She is currently a writer and researcher in Media Studies, and a Senior Lecturer at the University of Bournemouth, UK. She specialises in television, popular culture and visual imagery, and is the author of What is a Child? London: Virago 1992 and Picturing Childhood: the Myth of the Child in Popular Imagery London: I.B.Tauris 2004. She has contributed articles to many books and journals, and her new article ‘The child in the picture’ will be published in the forthcoming International Handbook of Children, Media and Culture edited by Kirsten Drotner and Sonia Livingstone, London : Sage.
The changing imagery of childhood
Ideas about children and childhood are constantly changing – and the changes are nowhere so striking as in the imagery we see all around us in Western urban society. Developing the arguments I made at the Toronto Symposium two years ago, I shall be discussing some contemporary imagery, and will reflect on how the pictures we tend to take for granted represent somewhat contradictory attitudes to childhood and the role of children in our society. I shall be focussing on public imagery, and looking at the contexts in which these pictures are produced – each with its own purpose; such as advertisements, promotional material, press reporting, and even works of art. I shall point to the ever increasing concern about imagery which is kept private and hidden from public view, which often results in dramatic headlines and media panics. As in my previous talk, I will not be arguing that there is a direct and easy link between popular imagery and child exploitation. Nevertheless, what I then described as a “sexualisation of looking”, remains, and continues to provide a continuum within which exploitation can flourish.
Earla-Kim McColl (RCMP – NCECC) is the Officer in Charge of the National Child Exploitation Coordination Centre (NCECC). Supt. McColl (E.K.) joined the RCMP in 1978. The majority of her service was spent in British Columbia in uniform policing. Her background also includes Victim Services and Sex Crimes. As a Corporal she was in charge of an Operational Audit Unit and as a Sergeant was i/c Internal Investigations. As a S/Sgt. she was a watch commander prior to coming to Ottawa the first time, as the NCO i/c Operational Policy. In this same position, she received her Commission and promotion to Inspector. She returned to operational policing as the Assistant Operations Officer for the Lower Mainland District of BC where a number of high profile services were integrated and operated seamlessly across municipal boundaries. E.K. was appointed the Officer in Charge of the National Child Exploitation Coordination Centre (NCECC) in September 2005. Her vision for the centre is to provide high level operational and strategic support to all operational units nationally and internationally; to concentrate on victim identification and rescue and to explore and exploit new technologies as they evolve. E.K. is the primary spokesperson for the NCECC. She is responsible for establishing and maintaining strategic partnerships both nationally and internationally. E.K. is the Canadian Lead on the Virtual Global Taskforce, a coalition of international law enforcement committed to eradicating child sexual exploitation.
Frédéric Mégret (McGill, Law) is an Assistant Professor of Law and the Canada Research Chair on the Law of Human Rights and Legal Pluralism. He holds a PhD in international law and relations from the University of Paris I and from the Graduate Institute of International Studies of the University of Geneva, and is a graduate of the Institut d’études politiques de Paris. Before joining the University of McGill, Professor Mégret was an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Law of the University of Toronto . He has worked as a research associate at the European University Institute in Florence . Professor Mégret teaches and researches in public international law, international human rights law, and international criminal law.
The UN Committee on the Rights of the Child and Online Child Exploitation
My presentation will focus on states’ reporting obligations towards the Child’s Rights Committee, and in particular the extent to which states party to the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children have included information relating to the online child exploitation problem. I will also examine the Committee’s comments on such reports to assess what the Committee, from its unique international standpoint, has to contribute on the debate regarding the best means to protect children from online exploitation.
Andrew Oosterbaan (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section) holds the Senior Executive Service position of Chief of the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section (CEOS) for the United States Department of Justice. As Chief of CEOS, Oosterbaan manages a section of expert prosecutors and computer forensic specialists who conduct high-impact prosecutions, nationwide, involving child exploitation, child sex trafficking, and obscenity. CEOS also develops and coordinates multi-district investigations, law enforcement initiatives and operational strategies, and conducts an extensive training program for prosecutors, judges and law enforcement agents around the world. In recognition of his leadership, the Attorney General presented Oosterbaan with the John Marshall Award for Outstanding Legal Achievement for Participation in Litigation in August 2005. As Chief of CEOS, Oosterbaan regularly counsels Departmental leadership on critical policy matters in the areas of child exploitation and obscenity, and has been integrally involved in the drafting of major legislation targeting child exploitation, including the new Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today Act of 2003 (the PROTECT Act), and the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006. Oosterbaan has also played a leading role in national efforts to identify victims of child pornography and to save them from further sexual abuse. The President recently honored Oosterbaan with the 2006 Presidential Rank Award for Meritorious Executive.
Christine Piper (Brunel University, UK) is a Professor in Brunel Law School, Brunel University, UK. She gained a First Class honours degree in History and taught in schools before undertaking Masters and Doctoral degrees in Sociology and Law and moving into academia. Her teaching and her research interests have covered family and child law, youth justice, sentencing and ADR, with a research focus on theorising around images of children in law and policy, the treatment of children in family and youth justice and the resolution of parental disputes. Prof. Piper was Case Commentaries editor for the Child and Family Law Quarterly during its first five years (1995-2000) and has since been a member of Editorial Board. She also jointly organised the Children and the Law Stream at the Annual Conferences of the UK Socio-legal Studies Association 2002-6 and co-convened the Child & Family and Sentencing & Punishment streams in April 2007.
The sexless child and accountable youth: shifting concepts?
In 2000 I argued that the image of the child which was influential in justifying the development and implementation of child-focused legislation was an image of a ‘sex-less’ child victim ‘deserving’ of protection and that this image had been in place for over a century.[1] I explored the reasons for this prevalent image which were rooted in historical developments and included issues of class and gender. Over the past seven years there has been much more research, analysis and policy development in relation to children who are the actual or potential targets of sex abusers, particularly of those abusers using the internet. As a result in the UK the Sexual Offences Act 2003 was passed and includes relevant new offences, particularly those related to ‘grooming’.
At the same time, however, there have been other trends visible across jurisdictions, including - and especially – in the UK, notably policies which make ‘youth’ more accountable for its behaviour and also policies which pursue a citizenship, rights-based agenda for children, rather than construing children as victims. In the light of these changes, this paper therefore seeks to establish whether recent developments have significantly changed those constructs of children which legitimate public action in relation to sexual offences and online exploitation.
Ethel Quayle (Dept. of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Ireland) is a lecturer in the Department of Applied Psychology. University College Cork and a researcher and project director with the COPINE project. She trained as a clinical psychologist with a special interest in sexual offending and has focused for the last six years on victimisation of children through Internet abuse images. Recent research has led to the development of a CBT website for offenders and the development of guidelines for working with young people who engage in problematic sexual behaviour in relation to the new technologies. She is co-author of 'Child Pornography: An Internet Crime' (2003), Brunner and Routledge; 'Only Pictures? Therapeutic Approaches with Internet offenders' (2006) and 'Viewing Child Pornography on the Internet. Understanding the offence, managing the offender, helping the victims' (2005) both by Russell House Publishing, and has published in academic and professional journals.
Victimisation through images?
In November 2005, ECPAT International published a report, Violence Against Children in Cyberspace, as a contribution to the UN Study on Violence Against Children. One section of the report focused on the ways in which the world’s children are victimised through the production and dissemination of child pornography, as well as through exposure to problematic images and text. In more recent years we have seen the emergence of self-victimising activities in relation to the new technologies, which also involve images. This paper explores the role that the new technologies play in victimisation through images and examines, through the use of case material, the different types of abusive practices and the impact that these may have on children. To date, there are few empirical studies that have examined victimisation, and attempts to reduce the likelihood of children being victimised have had an offender focus, or one that relates to educating children to safer Internet use. In this paper we explore how we might address some of the situational factors that impact on victimisation through images.
Carol Rogerson (University of Toronto, Law) is a Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, where she began teaching in 1983. She served as Associate Dean of the Faculty from 1991 to 1993. She holds degrees in law from Harvard and Toronto, and a master’s degree in English from Toronto. Professor Rogerson’s teaching and research interests encompass constitutional and family law, including children and the law. She is editor of Competing Visions of Constitutionalism: The Meech Lake Accord (with K. Swinton) and one of the co-authors of Canadian Constitutional Law. She is also the author of numerous law review articles in both the constitutional and family law areas and has frequently worked with governments on issues of family law reform.
Bruce Ryder (Osgoode Hall Law School, York ) is an Associate Professor at Osgoode Hall Law School where he has taught since 1987 after clerking for Justice Gerald Le Dain of the Supreme Court of Canada (1984-85), and after receiving an LL.M. from Columbia University (1987) and an LL.B. from the University of Toronto (1984). He is currently the Director of the Centre for Public Law and Public Policy at York University, and the Treasurer of the Canadian Law and Society Association. He served as Editor-in-Chief of the Osgoode Hall Law Journal from 1997-2000, and has taught courses in Public Law, Constitutional Law, Canadian Federalism, Torts, Sexuality and the Law, Discrimination and the Law, and Freedom of Expression. His current research focuses on equality rights, religious freedom, the legal regulation of conjugal relationships, and the censorship of sexual expression. He worked closely with the Law Commission of Canada on the preparation of their report Beyond Conjugality: Recognizing and Supporting Close Personal Adult Relationships (2001). Recent publications include “The Canadian Conception of Equal Religious Citizenship” in Richard Moon ed., Religion and Citizenship (forthcoming, UBC Press, 2007); “The End of Umpire? Federalism and Judicial Restraint”, (2006) 34 S.C.L.R. (2d); “State Neutrality and Freedom of Conscience and Religion”, (2005) 29 S.C.L.R. (2d) 169; “What Is Law Good For? An Empirical Review of Equality Rights Decisions”, (2004) 24 S.C.L.R. (2d) 103; “Suspending the Charter”, (2003) 21 S.C.L.R. (2d) 267; “The Harms of Child Pornography Law” (2002) 36 U.B.C. L. Rev.; “What is Marriage-Like Like? The Irrelevance of Conjugality”, (2001) Can. J. Fam. Law 289 (with Brenda Cossman); and “The Little Sisters Case, Administrative Censorship and Obscenity Law”, (2001) 39 Osgoode Hall L.J. 207.is an Associate Professor at Osgoode Hall Law School , where he is Director of the Centre for Public Law and Public Policy. His research and publications focus on a range of contemporary constitutional issues, including those related to federalism, equality rights, freedom of expression, Aboriginal rights, and Quebec secession. He has also published articles that explore the historical evolution of constitutional principles and is currently researching the history of book censorship in Canada.
The Moral Complexity of Child Pornography Law: Progress and Paradox
The child pornography offence in s.163.1 of Canada’s Criminal Code is an important weapon in the fight against the disturbing increase in the production, distribution and use of images of child sexual abuse on the internet. Parliament, police, prosecutors and judges are united in their view that offences involving child sexual abuse images should be vigorously enforced and severely punished. Prosecutions of child pornography offences result in convictions in the vast majority of cases (usually as a result of guilty pleas). Jail terms accompanied by a series of protective orders have become the norm in sentencing.
Despite these successes, s.163.1 is theoretically and morally problematic in its peripheral applications to materials that are not records of child sexual abuse, such as works of the imagination and images of lawful sexual poses or activities. These materials are subject to the same stigmatizing and punitive regime applicable to child sexual abuse images. On the theory that merely looking at material that sexualizes children or youth poses a serious danger to society, it is now a crime, subject to a mandatory minimum jail sentence, to look at materials that involved no harm in production.
Accepting of this theory produces several troubling paradoxes. First, because they must look at it, anyone involved in investigating, prosecuting and judging offences involving such material might pose the same kind of serious risks to society as those whose behaviour they are condemning. Second, when judges in child pornography cases describe the materials at issue in detail in their opinions, as some do, they are producing and distributing the child pornography they seek to denounce.
The best solution would be to remove materials that are not child abuse images from the definition of child pornography in s.163.1. Absent a legislative amendment to that effect, police should not lay charges, and prosecutors should not prosecute, where the material at issue involved no harm in production. The child pornography offence needs to be better focused, in both theory and practice, on its morally compelling core mission: contributing to the suppression of all aspects of the production, distribution and use of child abuse images.
Dr. Michael Seto is a psychologist with the Law and Mental Health Program at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, and an Associate Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and at the Centre of Criminology at the University of Toronto. Dr. Seto has published extensively on pedophilia and sexual offending and regularly presents at scientific meetings and professional workshops on these topics. His main research interests are pedophilia; sexual offending against children; child pornography offending; risk assessment; psychopathy; and program evaluation.
Assessing the Risk of Sexual Offending Posed by Child Pornography Offenders
Abstract: Many child pornography offenders are likely to be pedophiles, and thus may be at risk of committing sexual offenses against children (Seto, Cantor, & Blanchard, 2006). Recently reported follow-up results confirm that some child pornography offenders go on to commit sexual offenses involving contact with a child(Seto & Eke, 2005, 2006). However, other than criminal history, we do not know what factors predict which child pornography offenders will go on to commit a contact sexual offense. This presentation summarizes research on sex offender risk assessment and describes an ongoing project designed to identify risk factors, using data collected from over 300 child pornography offenders investigated by police.
Andrea Slane (Centre for Innovation Law and Policy, University of Toronto, Law) is the Executive Director of the Centre for Innovation Law and Policy at the University of Toronto, Faculty of Law. She co-chaired the Centre’s 2005 Symposium on Online Child Exploitation, and authored the Centre’s recommendations that came out of those proceedings. She has published on such topics as the personal privacy expectations violated by unsolicited bulk email and the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal’s handling of the technological features of the Internet in online hate complaints. Before joining the Faculty of Law in 2006, Andrea practiced trade-mark, copyright, privacy and technology law. She obtained her JD from the University of Toronto in 2003, and a PhD in Comparative Literature from the University of California, San Diego in 1995. Prior to attending law school, she was an Assistant Professor of Literature and Film at Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, and authored A Not So Foreign Affair: Fascism, Sexuality and the Cultural Rhetoric of American Democracy (Duke University Press, 2001).
Law, Technology and Youth
This presentation will be a preliminary exploration of the ways that law has attempted to manage the interactions between young people and technology. While still in its early stages, a survey of law’s treatment of technology and youth reveals at least two clear categories of harms that law is called upon to address: 1) harms to childhood innocence and inexperience (technologies that expose children and young people to content or encounters thought to be harmful to healthy child or adolescent development), and 2) harms due to lack of supervision (technologies that create a place where young people can gather away from adult/parental supervision, or that otherwise encourage bad behavior). For the most part, these harms emerge from a perceived disruption or imbalance caused by the popularization of a new technology among young people: most often this is experienced as a disruption of the balance between adult control and the controllability of young people, read in the persistent fears that technologies either create a problem for young people, or exacerbate disturbing social trends among youth (like tendencies towards violence, laziness or immorality). Given that these sorts of struggles are certainly larger than the encounter between youth and technology, the long term goal of the research is to formulate a more specific theory of when and how law regulates the interaction of youth and technology.
Janis Wolak (Crimes Against Children Research Center, University of New Hampshire, USA ) is a Research Assistant Professor at the Crimes Against Children Research Center of the University of New Hampshire . She has a B.A. in Sociology from New College in Sarasota, Florida , a law degree from Southwestern University School of Law, and a M.A. in Sociology from the University of New Hampshire . She is a director of the first Youth Internet Safety Survey and a co-Principal Investigator of the second Youth Internet Safety Survey, the first and second National Juvenile Online Victimization Studies and the National Juvenile Prostitution Study. She is the author and co-author of numerous articles about child victimization, Internet-related sex crimes, and youth Internet use.
What makes adolescents vulnerable to online sexual solicitations?
Internet safety programs urge youth to avoid specific individual behaviors such as sharing personal information and talking with strangers online. However, research suggests that current prevention approaches emphasizing the dangers of divulging personal information and other individual potentially risky online behaviors are off the mark. Rather, engaging in a pattern of different kinds of online risky behaviors is more influential in explaining online victimization via sexual solicitation than many specific behaviors alone. This presentation will describe a more global measure of online risky behavior and a new direction for Internet safety and prevention programs.